Comorbidity patterns and mortality among hospitalized patients with psychiatric disorders and COVID-19

Objectives: To examine the association between psychiatric and non-psychiatric comorbidity and 28-day mortality among patients with psychiatric disorders and COVID-19. Methods: Multicenter observational retrospective cohort study of adult patients with psychiatric disorders hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 at 36 Greater Paris university hospitals (January 2020-May 2021) (n=3,768). First, we searched for different subgroups of patients according to their psychiatric and non-psychiatric comorbidities through cluster analysis. Next, we compared 28-day all-cause mortality rates across the identified clusters, while taking into account sex, age, and the number of medical conditions. Results: We found five clusters of patients with distinct psychiatric and non-psychiatric comorbidity patterns. Twenty-eight-day mortality in the cluster of patients with mood disorders was significantly lower than in other clusters. There were no significant differences in mortality across other clusters. Conclusion: All psychiatric and non-psychiatric conditions may be associated with increased mortality in patients with psychiatric disorders and COVID-19. The lower risk of death among patients with mood disorders might be in line with the potential beneficial effect of certain antidepressants in COVID-19, but requires further research. These findings may help identify at-risk patients with psychiatric disorders who should benefit from vaccine booster prioritization and other prevention measures.

Factors influencing medication adherence and quality of life in outpatients attending Department of Psychiatry in a tertiary health care centre

Background: Nearly one third of people who suffer major psychiatric disorders end up with a long- term disability and dependency. They are most likely to be non-adherent to medication due to various reasons including lack of knowledge or insight about their illness and treatment which in turn leads to exacerbation of their illness, reduce treatment effectiveness, or make them less responsive to subsequent treatment, multiple hospitalizations and poor quality of life. Materials and methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in outpatients attending the Psychiatry OPD using the consecutive sampling technique. Subjects meeting the ICD-10 Diagnostic criteria for psychiatric disorders, age 18 year and above, subjects willing to participate in the study were included. A structured proforma, the Drug attitude inventory and the WHO-QOL-BREF questionnaires were used for assessment. Results: Mean age of subjects = 38.07 + 11.07 years. Mean medication cost = Rs. 917.82 + 397.89. 87 subjects participated in the study and of them 48% were adherent to medication and 52% were non-adherent. 56% of males and 43% females were adherent to medication. There was significant association between the occupation and the type of family of the subjects and medication adherence (p<0.05). Majority of patients with medication non-adherence were seen in schizophrenia, delusional disorder, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and substance related disorder. Majority (44.5%) of them reported fear of side effects, followed by stopping the medication when feeling better (35.5%) as the reasons for non-adherence followed by cost, embarrassment, etc. There was significant association between the psychological and social quality of life and medication adherence (p<0.05). Conclusions: This study implicates the importance of psycho education about the diagnosis, prognosis, need for medication and the expected adverse effects which should be clearly explained to the patient. The therapeutic alliance is the most effective component in helping the patient maintain medication adherence and subsequently better quality of life.

Dissecting Psychiatric Heterogeneity and Comorbidity with Core Region-Based Machine Learning / 神经科学通报·英文版

Machine learning approaches are increasingly being applied to neuroimaging data from patients with psychiatric disorders to extract brain-based features for diagnosis and prognosis. The goal of this review is to discuss recent practices for evaluating machine learning applications to obsessive-compulsive and related disorders and to advance a novel strategy of building machine learning models based on a set of core brain regions for better performance, interpretability, and generalizability. Specifically, we argue that a core set of co-altered brain regions (namely 'core regions') comprising areas central to the underlying psychopathology enables the efficient construction of a predictive model to identify distinct symptom dimensions/clusters in individual patients. Hypothesis-driven and data-driven approaches are further introduced showing how core regions are identified from the entire brain. We demonstrate a broadly applicable roadmap for leveraging this core set-based strategy to accelerate the pursuit of neuroimaging-based markers for diagnosis and prognosis in a variety of psychiatric disorders.

Urgencias psiquiátricas en niños y adolescentes

Introducción: Las urgencias psiquiátricas en la edad pediátrica constituyen un problema de salud pública. Objetivo: Describir las urgencias psiquiátricas y la conducta seguida, en el momento de su evaluación, en pacientes atendidos en consulta de urgencia. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, en 340 pacientes examinados en el Hospital Pediátrico "Juan Manuel Márquez", de enero a abril de 2019. Se utilizó un instrumento validado en estudios anteriores y se realizó entrevista a pacientes y familiares. El procesamiento y análisis de los datos se realizó con el SPSS 21 y estadígrafos descriptivos. Para la comparación de frecuencias observadas y esperadas de una variable se empleó la prueba binomial, y la Ji-cuadrada, con una probabilidad de 0,5 %. Resultados: El 53,8 % de los pacientes declararon entre 15 y 19 años; 50,3 % varones. El 61,2 % presentaban antecedentes patológicos psiquiátricos y 40,3 % procedía de medios familiares problemáticos. Entre los principales motivos de consulta destacaron la conducta suicida y el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. El 25 % de los pacientes requirió hospitalización, el resto se derivó a la atención ambulatoria. En más de 60 % se utilizaron psicofármacos. Conclusiones: Predominaron en el estudio los adolescentes, masculinos, con antecedentes patológicos personales de enfermedad psiquiátrica, procedentes de medios familiares conflictivos, con diagnóstico de trastornos del comportamiento, conducta suicida, trastornos afectivos, psicosis y trastornos adictivos; entre estos últimos, se diagnosticó la patología dual. Solo la cuarta parte requirió hospitalización y en la mayoría se usaron psicofármacos.

Introduction: Psychiatric emergencies in pediatric age constitute a public health problem. Objective: To describe the psychiatric emergencies and the behavior followed, at the time of their evaluation, in patients attended in an emergency consultation. Methods: Observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study in 340 patients examined at "Juan Manuel Márquez" Pediatric Hospital, from January to April 2019. An instrument validated in previous studies was used and interviews were conducted with patients and relatives. Data processing and analysis was performed with SPSS 21 and descriptive statistics were used. For the comparison of observed and expected frequencies of a variable, the binomial test and the Chi-square, with a probability of 0.5% were used. Results: 53.8% of patients were between 15 and 19 years old, and 50.3 % were male. 61.2 % had a psychiatric pathological history and 40.3% came from problematic family environments. Among the main reasons for consultation were suicidal behaviour and the consumption of psychoactive substances. 25% of patients required hospitalization, the rest were referred to outpatient care. Psychotropic drugs were used in more than 60%. Conclusions: In the study predominated adolescents, males, with a personal pathological history of psychiatric illness, from conflictive family environments, diagnosed with behavioral disorders, suicidal behavior, affective disorders, psychosis and addictive disorders; among the latter, dual pathology was diagnosed. Only a quarter required hospitalization and most used psychotropic drugs.

Inflammation and damage-associated molecular patterns in major psychiatric disorders

Abstract Background Emerging evidence indicates that inflammation plays an important role as a mechanism underlying mental disorders. However, most of the research on inflammatory mechanisms focuses on serum levels of interleukins and very few studies have investigated molecules that initiate and expand innate immune pathways such as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Objectives This study investigated the levels of DAMPs among patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD) I and II, schizophrenia (SCZ), and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). We quantified serum levels of heat shock proteins (HSPs) 70 and 60 and of S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B). Methods Serum levels of HSP70, HSP60, and S100B were assessed in a sample of participants with psychiatric disorders (n = 191) and a control group (CT) (n = 59) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Serum HSP70 concentrations were significantly higher in the MDD group compared to the CT, SCZ, and BD groups. The GAD group had higher concentrations of HSP70 than the SCZ group. Exploring associations with medications, lithium (p = 0.003) and clozapine (p = 0.028) were associated with lower HSP70 levels. Approximately 64% of the sample had DAMPs levels below the limits of detection indicated by the respective ELISA kit. Conclusion This was the first study to assess DAMPs levels in a transdiagnostic sample. Our preliminary findings suggest that HSP70 may be associated with MDD pathophysiology. Medications such as lithium and clozapine were associated with lower HSP70 levels in BD and SCZ groups, respectively. Therefore, it is worth mentioning that all participants were medicated and many psychotropic drugs exert an anti-inflammatory effect, possibly reducing the signs of inflammation.

Implicações neurológicas da meditação do tipo terapia cognitiva baseada em mindfulness em pacientes com transtorno de ansiedade ou transtorno depressivo: uma revisão integrativa / Neurological implications of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in patients with anxiety or depressive disorders: an integrative review / Implicaciones neurológicas de la meditación de la terapia cognitiva basada en mindfulness en pacientes con trastorno de ansiedad o trastorno depresivo: una revisión integradora

A Terapia Cognitiva Baseada em Mindfulness (MBCT, do inglês Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy) é uma técnica baseada na combinação da Terapia Cognitiva-Comportamental e da meditação mindfulness, na busca pela melhoria de sintomas psiquiátricos. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a busca por publicações que discutam as implicações neurológicas de pacientes diagnosticados com transtorno depressivo e transtorno de ansiedade e que buscaram nessa técnica a melhoria de sua condição clínica ou qualidade de vida. Nossos resultados preliminares mostraram que os benefícios dessa prática foram colhidos na totalidade dos estudos encontrados, elucidando as áreas cerebrais modificadas e o motivo pelo qual elas foram ativadas. Procuramos abordar ainda a diferença entre essa técnica e o uso de medicamentos e tratamento usual. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Terapia Cognitiva-Comportamental; Cérebro; Transtornos Psiquiátricos; Antidepressivos.

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) is a technique based on the combination of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and mindfulness meditation, in the search of improving psychiatric symptoms. This present work aims to search for studies and articles that discuss the neurological implications of patients diagnosed with anxiety and major depressive disorders who sought improvement in their clinical condition or life quality through this technique. The preliminary results showed that the benefits of this practice were observed in all of the studies found, elucidating the modified brain areas and the reason why they were activated. The differences between this technique and the use of medication and treatment-as-usual was also addressed.

La Terapia Cognitiva Basada en Mindfulness (MBCT) es una técnica basada en la combinación de la Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual y la meditación mindfulness, en la búsqueda de la mejora de los síntomas psiquiátricos. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo buscar publicaciones que discutan las implicaciones neurológicas de pacientes diagnosticados con trastorno depresivo y trastorno de ansiedad y que busquen en esta técnica mejorar su condición clínica o calidad de vida. Nuestros resultados preliminares mostraron que los beneficios de esta práctica se cosecharon en todos los estudios encontrados, dilucidando las áreas cerebrales modificadas y la razón por la cual se activaron. También tratamos de abordar la diferencia entre esta técnica y el uso de medicación y tratamiento habitual.

Exposure to an enriched environment promotes dendritic remodelling in hippocampal neurons affected by endogenous depression

Neuronal plasticity is enhanced in an enriched environment (EE) with more sensory and social interaction. In an animal model of endogenous depression, we have previously shown that EE has positive effects on spatial memory and hippocampus synaptic plasticity. However, nothing is known about how EE influences dendritic remodelling in hippocampal neurons affected by endogenous depression. In depressed rats, the impact of EE on hippocampus neuronal morphology was examined. Neonatal clomipramine exposure from postnatal days (PND) 8-21 days induced endogenous depression. The depressed-like rats were exposed to an enriched environment for two weeks in adulthood. Brains were then collected, stained with a modified Golgi-cox technique and, the hippocampal CA1 dendritic arborisation was evaluated using the Neurolucida software. Depression resulted in the atrophy of CA1 hippocampal neurons. The number of branching points and the overall number of dendritic intersections were reduced in depressed rats,. Exposure to an enriched environment significantly increased dendritic branching and the total number of dendritic intersections in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. The hippocampal pyramidal neuronal morphology of depressed rats improved after exposure to environmental enrichment. Neuronal plasticity and the development of novel therapeutic strategy will be improved by a greater understanding of how the environment affects neuronal morphology in depressed states.

Association between Stress Depression Anxiety and Coping Styles among Indian University Students during COVID-19 Outbreak

Introduction : Psychiatric illnesses such as Depression and Anxiety can have a substantial impact on one’s mental health. Depression is the most common psychiatric condition diagnosed among students. Objectives : To find out the association of factors which are linked to Stress, Depression, Anxiety and coping styles among Indian University students during COVID-19 outbreak. Methods : A self-administered questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic, DASS-21 and Brief-COPE inventory were used. Results : The study comprised a total of 201 University students ranging in age from 17 to 36 years old. Female students (n=150) were the most common responses, followed by male students (n=51). Depression, anxiety and stress correlated with active coping, planning, positive reframing, acceptance, humor, emotional support, instrumental support, self-distraction, denial, venting, substance use, behavioral disengagement, selfblame and religion. Conclusion : Venting, behavioural disengagement and self-blame are all examples of maladaptive coping techniques that have a significant impact on University students’ Stress, Anxiety and Depression levels. This research will provide a better understanding of the underlying influence of coping methods on Stress, Depression, and Anxiety among university students during the COVID-19 outbreak, enabling for early intervention and improved outcomes

Physician suicide demographics and the COVID-19 pandemic

Objective: To identify suicide rates and how they relate to demographic factors (sex, race and ethnicity, age, location) among physicians compared to the general population when aggravated by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: We searched U.S. databases to report global suicide rates and proportionate mortality ratios (PMRs) among U.S. physicians (and non-physicians in health occupations) using National Occupational Mortality Surveillance (NOMS) data and using Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) in the general population. We also reviewed the effects of age, suicide methods and locations, COVID-19 considerations, and potential solutions to current challenges. Results: Between NOMS1 (1985-1998) and NOMS2 (1999-2013), the PMRs for suicide increased in White male physicians (1.77 to 2.03) and Black male physicians (2.50 to 4.24) but decreased in White female physicians (2.66 to 2.42). Conclusions: The interaction of non-modifiable risk factors, such as sex, race and ethnicity, age, education level/healthcare career, and location, require further investigation. Addressing systemic and organizational problems and personal resilience training are highly recommended, particularly during the additional strain from the COVID-19 pandemic.

Mental disorders among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Pregnancy is the most important event in women's lives and can lead to psychological lability. Several risk factors (such as disasters, events and pandemics) have been correlated with greater prevalence of mental disorders during pregnancy. OBJECTIVES: To research how pregnant women have been affected by the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic process, in order to contribute to the limited literature. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional survey study conducted at the Training and Research Hospital of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Ordu, Ordu, Turkey, from February 1 to March 1, 2021. METHODS: In total, 356 pregnant women were enrolled and completed the survey. Intention of going to hospital and the Beck anxiety, Beck depression, Beck hopelessness and Epworth sleepiness scales were applied to detect mental disorders. RESULTS: Among the participants, the anxiety, depression, hopelessness and sleepiness scores were 29.2%, 36.2%, 58.1% and 11.8%, respectively. The pregnant women stated that they avoided going to hospital in unnecessary situations by obeying the 'stay at home' calls, but also stated that they were afraid of the potential harmful effects of inadequate physician control. However, most of them stated that they would go to the hospital in emergencies. CONCLUSIONS: This paper illustrated the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of pregnant women and emphasized their high rates of anxiety, depression, hopelessness and sleepiness. Since presence of mental disorders is indirectly related to poor pregnancy outcomes, preventive strategies should be developed, especially during this pandemic process.

Application of cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia in treating psychiatric disorders / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Insomnia symptom is one of the most common types of sleep disturbances.Apart from being a risk factor for psychiatric disorders, insomnia symptom has been found to affect the course of psychiatric disorders and increase the relapse rate of psychiatric disorders.Therefore, insomnia treatment is beneficial to mitigate the psychiatric symptoms among chronic insomnia patients, which may help prevent mental health disorders.On the other hand, insomnia treatment for psychiatric patients is conductive to reduce the harm consequence in social function, which can help improving the prognosis of psychiatric disorders.Cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is a first-line treatment for chronic insomnia.This paper reviews the research progress on the efficiency of CBT-I on the psychiatric symptoms of chronic insomnia patients, as well as its application in comorbid psychiatric conditions.Findings from previous research suggested that CBT-I is effective to improve the psychiatric symptoms of insomnia patients through insomnia improvement, and it can also promote the remission of depression and anxiety symptoms, reduce the risk of substance disorder and suicide behaviors, and reduce the impairment of life quality and costs of treatment through insomnia improvement among psychiatric patients comorbid with insomnia, which indicated that CBT-I is a safe and effective treatment for insomnia symptoms in psychiatric patients.Moreover, this paper listed the contraindications and the decision-to-treat algorithm of CBT-I among psychiatric patients, as well as the CBT-I availability and adherence that limited the clinical application.More understanding of CBT-I is beneficial to provide support for a broad clinical application in mental health services.

The impact of the environment on neurodevelopmental disorders in early childhood

Abstract Objectives: To review the literature about the environmental impact on children's mental, behavior, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Sources of data: A nonsystematic review of papers published on MEDLINE-PubMed was carried out using the terms environment and mental health or psychiatric disorders or neurodevelopmental disorders. Summary of findings: Psychopathology emerges at different developmental times as the outcome of complex interactions between nature and nurture and may impact each person in different ways throughout childhood and determine adult outcomes. Mental health is intertwined with physical health and is strongly influenced by cultural, social and economic factors. The worldwide prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents is 13.4%, and the most frequent are anxiety, disruptive behavior disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and depression. Neurodevelopment begins at the embryonic stage and continues through adulthood with genetic differences, environmental exposure, and developmental timing acting synergistically and contingently. Early life experiences have been linked to a dysregulation of the neuroendocrine-immune circuitry which results in alterations of the brain during sensitive periods. Also, the environment may trigger modifications on the epigenome of the differentiating cell, leading to changes in the structure and function of the organs. Over 200 million children under 5 years are not fulfilling their developmental potential due to the exposure to multiple risk factors, including poverty, malnutrition and unsafe home environments. Conclusions: Continued support for the promotion of a protective environment that comprises effective parent-child interactions is key in minimizing the effects of neurodevelopmental disorders throughout the lifetime.

Impacto psicofísico de la COVID-19 en trabajadores de la salud: subanálisis temporal / Temporal Evolution of the Psychophysical Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Health Workers

RESUMEN Introducción: La pandemia por el Coronavirus-2 ha generado efectos psicológicos negativos claros en el personal de salud. Nuestro objetivo fue describir la tendencia temporal de estos efectos. Material y métodos: se compararon los resultados de la encuesta ImPaCTS-SAC.20, que evaluó ansiedad, depresión, burnout, alteraciones de los estilos de vida y las relaciones personales, en los períodos de junio-julio y agosto-septiembre de 2020 en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires y la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Se analizaron las respuestas de 862 trabajadores de la salud del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires (AMBA). Resultados: hubo proporcionalmente más casos de depresión leve y moderada en agosto/septiembre que en junio/julio, sin embargo, esta diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa (p = 0,151). La proporción de encuestados que presentaron ansiedad se mantuvo estable: 41% vs 41% (p = 0,941). Al progresar la pandemia disminuyó la proporción de no fumadores (85,1% vs 77,4%, p = 0,036) y se observó un incremento significativo de los profesionales que recurrieron a la psicoterapia (15% vs 24,6%, p = 0,001), sin diferencias significativas en otros métodos para manejar el estrés. Conclusiones: Las consecuencias psicofísicas provocadas por la pandemia no presentaron diferencias entre los meses de junio y septiembre, por lo que podrían ser duraderos y requerir asistencia psicológica profesional.

ABSTRACT Background: The Coronavirus-2 pandemic has generated clear negative psychological effects on health workers. Our objective was to describe the temporal evolution of these effects. Methods: The results of the ImPaCTS-SAC.20 survey which evaluated anxiety, depression, burnout, lifestyle alterations and personal relationships, in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires and Buenos Aires Province were compared in the periods of June-July and August-September, 2020. The responses of 862 health workers from the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires (AMBA) were analyzed. Results: There were proportionally more cases of mild and moderate depression in august/september than in june/july, however, this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.151). The rate of respondents who presented anxiety remained stable: 41% vs. 41% (p=0.941). As the pandemic progressed, the rate of non-smokers decreased (85.1% vs. 77.4%, p=0.036) and a significant increase was observed in professionals who resorted to psychotherapy (15% vs. 24.6%, p=0.001), with no significant differences in other methods to manage stress. Conclusions: The psychophysical consequences caused by the pandemic did not differ between the months of june and september, so they could be long-lasting and require professional psychological assistance.

Análisis descriptivo de los trastornos psiquiátricos severos, en niños, niñas y jóvenes atendidos por equipo multidisciplinario DIAGNOSIS(1), entre enero de 2016 y enero de 2018 / Descriptive analysis of severe psychiatric disorders, in children and youth cared for by a multidisciplinary team DIAGNOSIS(1), between january 2016 and january 2018

OBJETIVO: Describir y analizar las características sociodemográficas y clínicas niños(as) y jóvenes con trastornos psiquiátricos severos, atendidos por equipo multidisciplinario DIAGNOSIS, en clínica privada de Santiago, desde enero de 2016 hasta enero de 2018.MÉTODO: estudio descriptivo, exploratorio, con análisis estadístico de características sociodemográficas y clínicas obtenidas de las fichas clínicas de los usuarios(as). RESULTADOS: muestra de 57 usuarios(as), el 69% se encuentra entre los 12 y 18 años. El principal motivo de ingreso es síndrome suicidal, seguido de agitación psicomotora. El diagnóstico principal al alta es trastorno del ánimo, seguido por trastornos psicóticos. En el eje II organización limítrofe de la personalidad, y coeficiente intelectual promedio. El promedio de hospitalización es de 39 días. DISCUSIÓN: se comparan los resultados con el estudio de Barker et al (2020) realizado con pacientes hospitalizados en una unidad de psiquiatría infanto-juvenil pública, los que resultan similares.

OBJECTIVE: Describe and analyze the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of children and young people with severe psychiatric disorders, attended by a multidisciplinary DIAGNOSIS team, in a private clinic in Santiago, from January 2016 to January 2018. METHOD: descriptive, exploratory study, with statistical analysis of users' clinical records. RESULTS: sample of 57 users, 69% are between 12 and 18 years old. The main reason for admission is suicidal syndrome, followed by psychomotor agitation. The main diagnosis at discharge is mood disorder, followed by psychotic disorders. On axis II, the borderline organization of the personality, and the average IQ. The average hospital stay is 39 days.DISCUSSION: the results are compared with the study by Barker et al (2020) carried out with patients hospitalized in a public child and adolescent psychiatry unit, which are similar.

Psychiatric illness, emotional distress, glycemic control and chronic complications in type 1 diabetes subjects

ABSTRACT Objectives: To assess the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) and to compare patients with and without psychiatric disorder. Materials and methods: We made a cross-sectional study including patients with T1D assisted in the outpatient clinics of the Brazilian National Health System. To assess depression and anxiety, we used the PHQ-9 questionnaire and the DSM-5th edition criteria, respectively. B-PAID evaluated the level of emotional distress associated with diabetes; EAT-26, eating disorders; SCI-R, adherence to the proposed clinical treatment. Results: We analyzed 166 patients aged 33 (22-45.2) years, 53.6% female. The prevalence of depression and anxiety was 20.5% and 40.4%, respectively. HbA1c was worse in the depressed (9.0% vs. 8.4%, p = 0.008), in the anxious ones (9.0% vs. 8.3%, p = 0.012) and in the patients with high levels of B-PAID (8.8 % vs. 8.3 %, p = 0.009). There was no difference in the prevalence of complications related to diabetes. Conclusions: The prevalence of psychiatric disorders and emotional distress related to diabetes was high in our population of T1D patients, and depression and high levels of B-PAID were associated with the worse glycemic control.

O transtorno depressivo maior está associado ao diabetes mellitus tipo 2 em pacientes com hepatite C crônica / Major depressive disorder is associated with type 2 diabetes in patients with chronic hepatitis c infection

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is commonly reported in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC); however, the factors behind the co-occurrence of these conditions have not been completely clarified yet. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the frequency of mental disorders in CHC patients and to investigate variables associated with MDD. METHODS: CHC patients (n=151) attending a referral Centre for hepatitis were evaluated using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatry Interview and the Cut-Annoyed-Guilty-Eye (CAGE) Questionnaire. Multivariate analysis was used to evaluate independent covariates associated with current MDD. RESULTS: Seventy-six (50.3%) patients had, at least, one current psychiatric diagnosis with MDD (33.1%) being the most common. Current MDD was independently associated with age (≤50 yr.) (OR=2.57; 95%CI=1.25-5.29; P=0.01) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (OR=2.80, 95%CI=1.17-6.70; P=0.02). Cirrhosis was associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (OR=5.09; 95%CI=1.73-15.04; P=0.03) and current alcohol abuse/dependence (OR=2.54; 95%CI=1.04-6.22; P=0.04). DISCUSSION: MDD is associated with type 2 diabetes in CHC patients. Even in the direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) era, characterized by great perspectives for the first ample cure of a chronic viral infection, we should ensure that the screening for psychiatric disorders takes place in the course of routine clinical care of patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: O transtorno depressivo maior (TDM) é comumente detectado em pacientes com hepatite C crônica. Entretanto, fatores potencialmente associados à coocorrência destas condições não são completamente conhecidos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a frequência de transtornos mentais em pacientes com hepatite C crônica e investigar variáveis associadas ao TDM. MÉTODOS: Pacientes com hepatite C crônica (n=151) atendidos em um centro de referência para hepatite foram avaliados usando o Mini-International Neuropsychiatry Interview e o questionário Cut-Annoyed-Guilty-Eye (CAGE). Análise multivariada foi usada para avaliar as covariáveis independentes associadas ao TDM atual. RESULTADOS: Setenta e seis (50,3%) pacientes apresentaram pelo menos um diagnóstico psiquiátrico atual; dentre eles destaca-se o TDM (33,1%). TDM atual foi independentemente associado à idade (≤50 anos) (OR=2,57; IC95% = 1,25-5,29; P=0,01) e diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (OR=2,80, IC95% = 1,17-6,70; P=0,02). Cirrose foi associada ao diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (OR=5,09; IC95% = 1,73-15,04; P=0,03) e abuso/dependência de álcool atual (OR=2,54; IC95% = 1,04-6,22; P=0,04). DISCUSSÃO: TDM está associado a diabetes tipo 2 em pacientes com hepatite C crônica. Em vigência da era dos antivirais de ação direta, caracterizada por grandes perspectivas para a primeira cura ampla de uma infecção viral crônica, devemos assegurar que a triagem dos transtornos psiquiátricos ocorra durante o atendimento clínico de rotina de pacientes com infecção crônica pelo vírus da hepatite C.

A cross sectional study of psychiatric morbidity in children of alcohol dependent fathers

Background: Children of Alcoholics (COAs) form a large but heterogeneous group. Along with genetic predisposition to develop dependence, COAs may inherit other comorbid mental disorders, that the alcohol dependence syndrome often presents with. Prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in children in general have been reported to be around 6.46 % in Indian studies. Studies done with COAs have shown mixed findings, reporting both internalizing, externalizing and other behaviour problems. With dearth of Indian studies assessing psychiatric morbidity in COAs, a study was conducted to assess same. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted in private de-addiction centre in South India. Sixty- five children in age group of 6 to 18 years, whose fathers were admitted for alcohol dependence syndrome, were assessed along with their primary care giver using a semi-structured socio-demographic proforma and Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime version. Chi square and independent samples t test were used as appropriate. Results: 55.4% of the children had some lifetime psychiatric diagnosis. Around 21.5% of children had more than one lifetime diagnoses. Most common disorders found were anxiety disorders followed by mood disorders. Comparison of socio-demographic variables with respect to presence or absence of any lifetime psychiatric diagnosis, anxiety disorders, mood disorders and multiple diagnoses did not reveal any significant differences. Conclusion: Psychiatric morbidity in COAs was higher than in children in general population as reported in other studies. Having alcohol dependent males in de-addiction centres provides an avenue for early detection and treatment of psychiatric morbidity in their children.

Publications on personality disorders in Brazilian journals: a narrative review / Publicações sobre transtornos da personalidade em revistas brasileiras: uma revisão narrativa / Publicaciones sobre trastornos de personalidad en revistas brasileñas: una revisión narrativa

Despite the prevalence of personality disorders (PD) and their association with several harmful health outcomes, previous reports found a low number of studies on PDs conducted in Brazil. We conducted a narrative review to investigate the current state of research in Brazil focusing on PDs. The search was performed in BVS-Psi, PePSIC, and Google Scholar databases. We focused on papers published in Brazilian journals as a criterion to select studies conducted in Brazil and/or coordinated by Brazilian researchers. A total of 177 papers were included. Approximately 60% of papers were empirical studies, although only 47.17% of them had clinical samples. Borderline and Antisocial were the most recurrently investigated PDs. Two scales were usually administered, IDCP and PID-5. SCID-II was administered in less than 5% of empirical studies. We proposed an agenda for research on PDs in Brazil, including guidelines and directions eminently urgent to the studies to be conducted in Brazil. (AU)

Apesar da prevalência dos transtornos da personalidade (TP) e a associação com diversas consequências prejudiciais, estudos prévios encontraram um número escasso de pesquisas conduzidas no Brasil. Nós conduzimos uma revisão narrativa para investigar o estado atual de pesquisas no Brasil com foco em TP. A busca foi realizada nas bases BVS-Psi, PePSIC e Google Acadêmico. Nós focamos em artigos publicados em periódicos brasileiros como critério para seleção de estudos conduzidos no Brasil e/ou coordenados por pesquisadores brasileiros. No total, 177 artigos foram selecionados. Aproximadamente 60% eram estudos empíricos, embora apenas 47.17% destes, incluíram amostras clínicas. Os TPs mais investigados foram Borderline e Antissocial. As duas escalas mais aplicadas foram o IDCP e o PID-5. A SCID-II foi aplicada em menos de 5% dos estudos empíricos. Nós propomos uma agenda para pesquisas sobre TP no Brasil, incluindo diretrizes e direções urgentes para estudos a serem conduzidos no Brasil. (AU)

A pesar de la prevalencia de los trastornos de la personalidad (TP) y su asociación con varias consecuencias nocivas, estudios previos han encontrado un escaso número de estudios realizados en Brasil. Se realizó una revisión narrativa para pesquisar el estado actual de la investigación en Brasil con un enfoque en el TP. La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos BVS-Psi, PePSIC, y Google Scholar. Priorizando artículos publicados en revistas brasileñas como criterio de selección de los estudios realizados en Brasil y/o coordinados por investigadores brasileños. En total, 177 artículos fueron seleccionados. Aproximadamente el 60% fueron estudios empíricos, aunque solo el 47.17% de estos incluyeron muestras clínicas. Los TP más investigados fueron Borderline y Antisocial. Las dos escalas más aplicadas fueron el IDCP y el PID-5. La SCID-I se aplicó en menos del 5% de los estudios empíricos. Se propuso una agenda para la investigación sobre TP en Brasil, incluyendo las directrices y orientaciones eminentemente urgentes a los estudios que se llevarán a cabo. (AU)

Función de la impulsividad en el trastorno por consumo de sustancias / Impulsivity`s role in substance use disorder

Resumen La proporción de usuarios de una sustancia de abuso que desarrolla problemas con su consumo (abuso o dependencia) representa solo una parte de esta población. En México, el 63.8 % de la población consume alcohol, y de ellos, el 15 % desarrolla algún trastorno por consumo de alcohol (TCA). Se ha observado una relación causal entre el trastorno por consumo de sustancias (TCS) y la falta de autocontrol. Es decir, satisfacer necesidades de manera impulsiva, v. gr., consumir una droga sin evaluar las consecuencias. La corteza prefrontal (CPF) es el principal sustrato neuroanatómico del autocontrol y característicamente la CPF alcanza la madurez alrededor de los 30 años, sugieriendo que el autocontrol se alcanza despues de esta edad. Se ha propuesto que todos los grupos etarios que no han consolidado el uso del autocontrol son vulnerables al TCS. Similarmente ocurre con aquellos sujetos que por algún trastorno psiquiátrico tienen como característica una limitada función prefrontal. La CPF coordina una red subcortical cuya interacción depende de distintos sistemas de neurotransmisión, entre ellos, endocanabinoides. En este trabajo se revisó la función de la CPF y del sistema de endocanabinoides (sECB) y su relación con la vulnerabilidad a la adicción y otros trastornos psiquiátricos.

Abstract The proportion of users of a substance of abuse who develop problems with its use (abuse or dependence) represents only a part of this population. In Mexico, 63.8% of the population consumes alcohol and only 15% of them develop an alcohol use disorder (AUD). A causal relation has been observed between substance use disorder (SUD) and the lack of self-control. Which means, satisfying needs in an impulsive way, v.gr. using a drug, without considering the consequences. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is the main neuroanatomical substrate of self-control and characteristically reaches maturity around the age of 30, suggesting that self-control is reached after this age. We suggest that all age groups that have not consolidated the use of self-control are vulnerable to SUD. The same occurs with those who, due to a psychiatric disorder, have the characteristic of a limited prefrontal function. The PFC coordinates a subcortical network whose interaction depends on different neurotransmission systems among them, the endocannabinoids system (ECBs). In this work we will review the function of the PFC, the ECBs and its relationship with vulnerability to addiction and other psychiatric disorders.

Impacto psicofísico de la pandemia COVID-19 en trabajadores de la salud en Argentina / Psychophysical Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on HealthCare Workers in Argentina

RESUMEN - Introducción: La pandemia por el Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) generó efectos psicológicos negativos en toda la población. Nuestro objetivo es describir ese impacto en los trabajadores de la salud de la República Argentina. Material y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal, multicéntrico, desde junio a septiembre de 2020, que evaluó ansiedad, depresión, burnout, alteraciones de los estilos de vida y las relaciones personales mediante una encuesta anónima. Resultados: Se encuestó a 1221 trabajadores de la salud, con una mediana de edad de 42 años (RIQ 34,5-52), 65,9% eran mujeres. El 77,2% residía en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires y en la provincia de Buenos Aires. El 66,7% eran médicos o enfermeros especialistas, el 41,1%, de especialidades clínicas, 29,8% médicos de unidades de cuidados intensivos o unidades coronarias y 10,2% kinesiólogos o enfermeros. El 51,8% manifestó que en su trabajo no se cumplían todas las recomendaciones de bioseguridad. Se detectó el 40,5% de ansiedad, 22,1% de depresión mayor (4,5% refirió ideación suicida frecuente), 10,9% depresión menor y 38,7% burnout. El 9,4% aumentó el consumo tabáquico y el 22% el de alcohol; el 62,1% empeoró su calidad de sueño, el 50,2% redujo la realización de ejercicio físico, y el 18,4% deterioró su relación afectiva. El 40,4% sufrió discriminación por ser personal de salud. Conclusión: La pandemia por Coronavirus ha generado un aumento de depresión, ansiedad, burnout y hábitos de vida no saludables en los trabajadores de la salud de Argentina encuestados.

ABSTRACT - Background: The Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has generated negative psychological effects in the whole population. Our objective was to describe this impact on health care workers of Argentina. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, multicenter study evaluating anxiety, depression, burnout, and lifestyle and alterations in lifestyle and interpersonal relationships by means of an anonymous survey carried out from June to September 2020. Results: A total of 1221 healthcare workers, with median age 42 years (IQR 34.5-52) and 65% women were surveyed for the study. Among them, 77.2% lived in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires and the Buenos Aires province; 66.7% were specialist physicians or nurses, 41.1% were clinical specialists, 29.8% intensive care or coronary care unit physicians and 10.2% kinesiologists or nurses. In 51.8% of cases, healthcare workers reported that all biosafety recommendations were not met in their workplaces. Anxiety was detected in 40.5% of cases, major depression in 22.1% (4.5% referred frequent suicidal ideation), minor depression in10.9% and burnout in 38.7%. Smoking increased in 9.4% of healthcare workers and alcohol in 22%; 62.1% declared worse sleep quality, 50.2% reduced physical activity, 18.4% worsened their affective relationship and 40.4% suffered discrimination for being health workers. Conclusion: The Coronavirus pandemic has produced an increase in depression, anxiety, burnout and unhealthy lifestyle habits in healthcare workers surveyed in Argentina.